General Information of Drug (ID: DM8WAHT)

Drug Name
Fentanyl
Synonyms
fentanyl; Fentanil; Phentanyl; Fentora; Sublimaze; Fentanila; Fentanest; Duragesic; Fentanylum; Durogesic; Sentonil; 437-38-7; Duragesic-100; IONSYS; Duragesic-25; Duragesic-75; Duragesic-50; Duragesic-12; Fentanyl-25; Fentanyl-75; Fentanyl-12; Fentanyl-50; Fentanylum [INN-Latin]; Fentanila [INN-Spanish]; Fentanyl-100; 1-Phenethyl-4-N-propionylanilinopiperidine; Matrifen; Sublimase; N-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpropionamide; N-(1-Phenethyl-4-piperidyl)propionanilide; N-Phenethyl-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine; Fentanil [DCIT]; Subsys; Fentanyl-37; Fentanyl-62; Fentanyl-87; Abstral; Actiq; Lazanda; Onsolis; Fentanyl Citrate; Fentanyl Citrate Preservative Free; Sublimaze Preservative Free; fentanyl (transmucosal film, pain), Auxilium Pharmaceuticals
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Analgesia MB40.8 Approved [1]
Cancer related pain MG30 Phase 3 [2]
Pain MG30-MG3Z Phase 3 [3]
Chronic pain MG30 Phase 1 [4]
Therapeutic Class
Neurology Agents
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 336.5
Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp) 4
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 2
ADMET Property
Absorption AUC
The area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC) of drug is 1.25 +/- 0.67 mcgh/L [5]
Absorption Cmax
The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 0.20 +/- 0.06 mcg/L [5]
Absorption Tmax
The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 0.69-1.25 h [5]
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [6]
Bioavailability
The bioavailability of drug is 54% [5]
Clearance
The total plasma clearance of drug is 0.5 L/h/kg [7]
Elimination
75% of a dose of fentanyl is excreted in the urine with <7% unchanged, and 9% is excreted in the feces with <1% unchanged. [5]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 7 hours [7]
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized via the cytochrome P450 [8]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.00032 micromolar/kg/day [9]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.16% [10]
Vd
The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 25.4 L/kg [11]
Water Solubility
The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 25 mg/mL [6]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C22H28N2O
IUPAC Name
N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide
Canonical SMILES
CCC(=O)N(C1CCN(CC1)CCC2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H28N2O/c1-2-22(25)24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)21-14-17-23(18-15-21)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21H,2,13-18H2,1H3
InChIKey
PJMPHNIQZUBGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
3345
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:119915
CAS Number
437-38-7
DrugBank ID
DB00813
TTD ID
D0E1WI
VARIDT ID
DR00430
INTEDE ID
DR0690
ACDINA ID
D00271

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Opioid receptor mu (MOP) TTKWM86 OPRM_HUMAN Modulator [12], [13]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [14]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)
Main DME
DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Substrate [15]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)
Main DME
DEIBDNY CP3A5_HUMAN Substrate [16]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)
Main DME
DERD86B CP3A7_HUMAN Substrate [17]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease Analgesia
ICD Disease Classification MB40.8
Molecule Name Molecule Type Gene Name p-value Fold-Change Z-score
Opioid receptor mu (MOP) DTT OPRM1 5.94E-01 -0.02 -0.17
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTP P-GP 7.83E-01 4.69E-02 1.89E-01
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) DME CYP3A5 5.09E-02 -5.62E-02 -5.19E-01
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DME CYP3A4 6.06E-01 -2.42E-02 -1.64E-01
Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Fentanyl (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Methylene blue DMJAPE7 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Methylene blue. Acquired methaemoglobinaemia [3A93] [54]
Metreleptin DM1NOEK Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Metreleptin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute diabete complication [5A2Y] [55]
Ivosidenib DM8S6T7 Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Ivosidenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [56]
Arn-509 DMT81LZ Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Arn-509 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [56]
Oliceridine DM6MDCF Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Oliceridine. Acute pain [MG31] [57]
Emapalumab DMZG5WL Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Emapalumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Adaptive immunity immunodeficiency [4A01] [58]
Siltuximab DMGEATB Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Siltuximab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Anemia [3A00-3A9Z] [58]
Nifedipine DMSVOZT Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Nifedipine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Angina pectoris [BA40] [59]
Methylphenobarbital DMDSWAG Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Methylphenobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Anxiety disorder [6B00-6B0Z] [60]
Chlormezanone DMTWUXR Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Chlormezanone. Anxiety disorder [6B00-6B0Z] [57]
Oxazepam DMXNZM4 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Oxazepam. Anxiety disorder [6B00-6B0Z] [57]
Posaconazole DMUL5EW Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Posaconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Aspergillosis [1F20] [61]
Desipramine DMT2FDC Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Desipramine. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [6A05] [62]
Oritavancin DM28D05 Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Oritavancin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [55]
Dalfopristin DM4LTKV Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Dalfopristin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [61]
Clarithromycin DM4M1SG Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Clarithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [61]
Troleandomycin DMUZNIG Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Troleandomycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [61]
Telithromycin DMZ4P3A Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Telithromycin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z] [61]
Erdafitinib DMI782S Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Erdafitinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Bladder cancer [2C94] [63]
Pexidartinib DMS2J0Z Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Pexidartinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B] [56]
Lapatinib DM3BH1Y Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Lapatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [59]
Tucatinib DMBESUA Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Tucatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [61]
Palbociclib DMD7L94 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Palbociclib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y] [59]
Dihydrocodeine DMB0FWL Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Dihydrocodeine. Chronic pain [MG30] [64]
Levomilnacipran DMV26S8 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Levomilnacipran. Chronic pain [MG30] [62]
Atracurium DM42HXN Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Atracurium. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [65]
Mivacurium DM473VD Moderate Increased risk of bradycardia by the combination of Fentanyl and Mivacurium. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [65]
Pancuronium DMB0VY8 Moderate Increased risk of bradycardia by the combination of Fentanyl and Pancuronium. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [65]
Propofol DMB4OLE Moderate Additive cardiorespiratory depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Propofol. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [66]
Tubocurarine DMBZIVP Moderate Increased risk of bradycardia by the combination of Fentanyl and Tubocurarine. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [65]
Mifepristone DMGZQEF Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Mifepristone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Cushing syndrome [5A70] [67]
Osilodrostat DMIJC9X Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Osilodrostat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Cushing syndrome [5A70] [59]
Lumacaftor DMCLWDJ Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Lumacaftor mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Cystic fibrosis [CA25] [68]
Ivacaftor DMZC1HS Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Ivacaftor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Cystic fibrosis [CA25] [59]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Ethanol. Cystitis [GC00] [69]
MK-8228 DMOB58Q Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by MK-8228 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Cytomegaloviral disease [1D82] [61]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Sertraline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
Cyclobenzaprine DM1YBRM Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Cyclobenzaprine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [70]
Vilazodone DM4LECQ Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Vilazodone. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
Nefazodone DM4ZS8M Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Nefazodone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [61]
Vortioxetine DM6F1PU Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Vortioxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
Isocarboxazid DMAF1NB Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Isocarboxazid. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [54]
Milnacipran DMBFE74 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Milnacipran. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
Escitalopram DMFK9HG Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Escitalopram. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
Desvenlafaxine DMHD4PE Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Desvenlafaxine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
OPC-34712 DMHG57U Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and OPC-34712. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [57]
Doxepin DMPI98T Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Doxepin. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
Maprotiline DMPWB7T Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Maprotiline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [62]
Esketamine DMVU687 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Esketamine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [61]
Mepenzolate DM8YU2F Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Mepenzolate. Digestive system disease [DE2Z] [71]
5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan DMDWZGJ Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Discovery agent [N.A.] [72]
Oxybutynine DMJPBAX Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Oxybutynine. Discovery agent [N.A.] [71]
Heroin diacetylmorphine DMDBWHY Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Heroin diacetylmorphine. Dissociative neurological symptom disorder [6B60] [64]
Diazepam DM08E9O Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Diazepam. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [57]
Felbamate DM1V5ZS Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Felbamate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [55]
Gabapentin DM6T924 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Gabapentin. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [73]
Cenobamate DMGOVHA Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Cenobamate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [56]
Fosphenytoin DMOX3LB Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Fosphenytoin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [61]
Clonazepam DMTO13J Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Clonazepam. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [57]
Rufinamide DMWE60C Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Rufinamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [55]
Phenobarbital DMXZOCG Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Phenobarbital. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [71]
Eslicarbazepine DMZREFQ Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Eslicarbazepine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [61]
Dantrolene DM1D8XY Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Dantrolene. Fever [MG26] [57]
Tazemetostat DMWP1BH Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Tazemetostat mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Follicular lymphoma [2A80] [55]
Solifenacin DMG592Q Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Solifenacin. Functional bladder disorder [GC50] [71]
Tolterodine DMSHPW8 Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Tolterodine. Functional bladder disorder [GC50] [71]
Itraconazole DMCR1MV Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Itraconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F] [61]
Miconazole DMPMYE8 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Miconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F] [74]
Ketoconazole DMPZI3Q Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Ketoconazole mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F] [61]
Sulfinpyrazone DMEV954 Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Sulfinpyrazone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Gout [FA25] [55]
Boceprevir DMBSHMF Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Boceprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51] [61]
Telaprevir DMMRV29 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Telaprevir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51] [61]
Isoniazid DM5JVS3 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Isoniazid mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14] [59]
Rifampin DMA8J1G Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14] [68]
Rifapentine DMCHV4I Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Rifapentine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14] [56]
Procarbazine DMIK367 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Procarbazine. Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30] [54]
Fosamprenavir DM4W9B3 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Fosamprenavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [61]
Cobicistat DM6L4H2 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Cobicistat mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [61]
Saquinavir DMG814N Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Saquinavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [61]
Etravirine DMGV8QU Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Etravirine mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [56]
Darunavir DMN3GCH Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Darunavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [61]
Atazanavir DMSYRBX Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Atazanavir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [61]
Conivaptan DM1V329 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Conivaptan mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Hypo-osmolality/hyponatraemia [5C72] [61]
Lesinurad DMUR64T Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Lesinurad mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Inborn purine/pyrimidine/nucleotide metabolism error [5C55] [55]
Belladonna DM2RBWK Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Belladonna. Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40] [71]
Suvorexant DM0E6S3 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Suvorexant. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Amobarbital DM0GQ8N Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Amobarbital mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [71]
Ramelteon DM7IW9J Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Ramelteon. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Triazolam DMETYK5 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Triazolam. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Zaleplon DMGFWSM Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Zaleplon. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Tasimelteon DMLOQ1V Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Tasimelteon. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Paraldehyde DMOC1BX Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Paraldehyde. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
ITI-007 DMUQ1DO Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and ITI-007. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Quazepam DMY4D87 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Quazepam. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Estazolam DMZGXUM Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Estazolam. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [57]
Polyethylene glycol DM4I1JP Moderate Increased risk of lowers seizure threshold by the combination of Fentanyl and Polyethylene glycol. Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91] [75]
Remimazolam DMLVSYX Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Remimazolam. Labour/delivery anaesthesia complication [JB0C] [57]
Glycerol phenylbutyrate DMDGRQO Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Glycerol phenylbutyrate mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Liver disease [DB90-DB9Z] [58]
Brigatinib DM7W94S Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Brigatinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [55]
Ceritinib DMB920Z Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Ceritinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [61]
PF-06463922 DMKM7EW Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [56]
Osimertinib DMRJLAT Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Osimertinib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [58]
Selpercatinib DMZR15V Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Selpercatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [59]
Idelalisib DM602WT Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Idelalisib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82] [61]
IPI-145 DMWA24P Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by IPI-145 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82] [61]
Blinatumomab DMGECIJ Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Blinatumomab mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [76]
Vemurafenib DM62UG5 Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Vemurafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [55]
LGX818 DMNQXV8 Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by LGX818 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [77]
Dabrafenib DMX6OE3 Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Dabrafenib mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Melanoma [2C30] [56]
Danazol DML8KTN Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Danazol mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Menstrual cycle bleeding disorder [GA20] [59]
Allopregnanolone DMNLHAC Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Allopregnanolone. Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z] [78]
Almogran DM7I64Z Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Almogran. Migraine [8A80] [62]
Frovatriptan DM7RE8P Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Frovatriptan. Migraine [8A80] [62]
Rizatriptan DMDJMA3 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Rizatriptan. Migraine [8A80] [62]
Naratriptan DMO50U2 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Naratriptan. Migraine [8A80] [62]
Exjade DMHPRWG Moderate Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Exjade mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64] [55]
Thalidomide DM70BU5 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Thalidomide. Multiple myeloma [2A83] [79]
Ozanimod DMT6AM2 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Ozanimod. Multiple sclerosis [8A40] [80]
Fedratinib DM4ZBK6 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Fedratinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [61]
Nilotinib DM7HXWT Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Nilotinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [59]
Dasatinib DMJV2EK Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Dasatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Myeloproliferative neoplasm [2A20] [61]
Prasugrel DM7MT6E Moderate Altered absorption of Fentanyl due to GI dynamics variation caused by Prasugrel. Myocardial infarction [BA41-BA43] [81]
Metoclopramide DMFA5MY Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Metoclopramide. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [82]
Granisetron DMIUW25 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Granisetron. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [56]
Ondansetron DMOTQ1I Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Ondansetron. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [56]
Bupropion DM5PCS7 Major Increased risk of lowers seizure threshold by the combination of Fentanyl and Bupropion. Nicotine use disorder [6C4A] [83]
Entrectinib DMMPTLH Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Entrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Non-small cell lung cancer [2C25] [59]
Sibutramine DMFJTDI Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Sibutramine. Obesity [5B80-5B81] [84]
Lorcaserin DMG6OYJ Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Lorcaserin. Obesity [5B80-5B81] [85]
Dexfenfluramine DMJ7YDS Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Dexfenfluramine. Obesity [5B80-5B81] [62]
Levomethadyl Acetate DM06HG5 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Levomethadyl Acetate. Opioid use disorder [6C43] [64]
Apraclonidine DMO4PVE Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Apraclonidine. Optic nerve disorder [9C40] [86]
Olaparib DM8QB1D Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Olaparib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [61]
Rucaparib DM9PVX8 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Rucaparib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [59]
Oxymorphone DM65AGJ Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Oxymorphone. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [57]
Levorphanol DMGS80V Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Levorphanol. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [57]
Dezocine DMJDB0Y Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Dezocine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [87]
Flavoxate DMKV4NL Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Flavoxate. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [71]
Nalbuphine DMOSQGU Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Nalbuphine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [87]
Buprenorphine DMPRI8G Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Buprenorphine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [87]
Safinamide DM0YWJC Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Safinamide. Parkinsonism [8A00] [54]
Rasagiline DM3WKQ4 Major Additive serotonergic effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Rasagiline. Parkinsonism [8A00] [54]
Pimavanserin DMR7IVC Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Pimavanserin. Parkinsonism [8A00] [57]
Orphenadrine DMW542E Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Orphenadrine. Parkinsonism [8A00] [57]
Abametapir DM2RX0I Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Abametapir mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Pediculosis [1G00] [88]
Methylscopolamine DM5VWOB Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Methylscopolamine. Peptic ulcer [DA61] [71]
Lanreotide acetate DMG6ZU4 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Lanreotide acetate mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Pituitary gland disorder [5A60-5A61] [59]
Lefamulin DME6G97 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Lefamulin mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Pneumonia [CA40] [89]
Lonafarnib DMGM2Z6 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Premature ageing appearance [LD2B] [61]
Enzalutamide DMGL19D Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Enzalutamide mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Prostate cancer [2C82] [56]
Ustekinumab DMHTYK3 Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Ustekinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Psoriasis [EA90] [58]
Ixekizumab DMXW92T Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Ixekizumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Psoriasis [EA90] [58]
Temsirolimus DMS104F Moderate Increased plasma concentrations of Fentanyl and Temsirolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway. Renal cell carcinoma [2C90] [90]
Tocilizumab DM7J6OR Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Tocilizumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [58]
Canakinumab DM8HLO5 Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Canakinumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [58]
Rilonacept DMGLUQS Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Rilonacept alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [58]
Golimumab DMHZV7X Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Golimumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [58]
Dexamethasone DMMWZET Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Dexamethasone mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [56]
Sarilumab DMOGNXY Moderate Altered metabolism of Fentanyl due to Sarilumab alters the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [58]
Quetiapine DM1N62C Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Quetiapine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [91]
Mesoridazine DM2ZGAN Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Mesoridazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [91]
Aripiprazole DM3NUMH Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Aripiprazole. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Iloperidone DM6AUFY Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Iloperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Paliperidone DM7NPJS Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Paliperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Perphenazine DMA4MRX Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Perphenazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Molindone DMAH70G Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Molindone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Thiothixene DMDINC4 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Thiothixene. Schizophrenia [6A20] [91]
Trifluoperazine DMKBYWI Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Trifluoperazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Asenapine DMSQZE2 Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Asenapine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Pimozide DMW83TP Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Pimozide. Schizophrenia [6A20] [57]
Voxelotor DMCS6M5 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Voxelotor mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Sickle-cell disorder [3A51] [61]
Telotristat ethyl DMDIYFZ Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Telotristat ethyl mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Small intestine developmental anomaly [DA90] [68]
Larotrectinib DM26CQR Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Larotrectinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [59]
Armodafinil DMGB035 Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Armodafinil mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [56]
LEE011 DMMX75K Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by LEE011 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [61]
Fostamatinib DM6AUHV Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Fostamatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Thrombocytopenia [3B64] [92]
Brilinta DMBR01X Moderate Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Brilinta mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Thrombosis [DB61-GB90] [58]
Pipecuronium DM5F84A Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Fentanyl and Pipecuronium. Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47] [65]
Doxacurium DMKE7L9 Moderate Increased risk of bradycardia by the combination of Fentanyl and Doxacurium. Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47] [65]
Sirolimus DMGW1ID Moderate Increased plasma concentrations of Fentanyl and Sirolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway. Transplant rejection [NE84] [90]
Tacrolimus DMZ7XNQ Moderate Increased plasma concentrations of Fentanyl and Tacrolimus due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway. Transplant rejection [NE84] [90]
Elagolix DMB2C0E Major Increased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Elagolix mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Uterine fibroid [2E86] [56]
Amiodarone DMUTEX3 Major Decreased metabolism of Fentanyl caused by Amiodarone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71] [93]
⏷ Show the Full List of 183 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Kyselina citronova E00014 311 Acidulant; Antioxidant; Buffering agent; Complexing agent; Flavoring agent
Mannitol E00103 6251 Diluent; Flavoring agent; Lyophilization aid; Plasticizing agent; Tonicity agent
Carbonic acid disodium salt E00199 10340 Alkalizing agent; Buffering agent; Diluent; Dispersing agent
Carmellose sodium E00625 Not Available Disintegrant
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Potassium bicarbonate E00425 516893 Alkalizing agent
Sodium bicarbonate E00424 516892 Alkalizing agent; Diluent
⏷ Show the Full List of 7 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Fentanyl 0.1 mg tablet 0.1 mg Buccal Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.2 mg tablet 0.2 mg Buccal Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.4 mg tablet 0.4 mg Buccal Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.6 mg tablet 0.6 mg Buccal Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.8 mg tablet 0.8 mg Buccal Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.1 mg tablet 0.1 mg Sublingual Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.2 mg tablet 0.2 mg Sublingual Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.3 mg tablet 0.3 mg Sublingual Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.4 mg tablet 0.4 mg Sublingual Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.6 mg tablet 0.6 mg Sublingual Tablet Oral
Fentanyl 0.8 mg tablet 0.8 mg Sublingual Tablet Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
2 ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00822614) Safety of Fentanyl TAIFUN Treatment. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
3 A Phase III study to assess the clinical utility of low-dose fentanyl transdermal system in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Aug;22(8):1493-501.
4 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
5 FDA Approved Drug Products: Abstral Sublingual Tablet
6 BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
7 FDA Approved Drug Products: Actiq Transmucosal Lozenge
8 Metabolism and Disposition of Prescription Opioids: A Review. Forensic Sci Rev. 2015 Jul;27(2):115-45.
9 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
10 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
11 FDA Approved Drug Products: Fentora Buccal Tablet
12 The ChEMBL database in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D945-D954.
13 Synthesis and pharmacological studies of new hybrid derivatives of fentanyl active at the mu-opioid receptor and I2-imidazoline binding sites.Bioorg Med Chem.2006 Oct 1;14(19):6570-80.
14 Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
15 Three-dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship analysis of cytochrome P-450 3A4 substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):424-33.
16 Pharmacogenomics as molecular autopsy for forensic toxicology: genotyping cytochrome P450 3A4*1B and 3A5*3 for 25 fentanyl cases. J Anal Toxicol. 2005 Oct;29(7):590-8.
17 Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
18 Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):957-65.
19 Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms to regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones. Xenobiotica. 1998 Jun;28(6):539-47.
20 Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1062-75.
21 Isoform-specific regulation of cytochromes P450 expression by estradiol and progesterone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Feb;41(2):263-9.
22 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
23 Potent mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(8):2787-98.
24 Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
25 The metabolism of zidovudine by human liver microsomes in vitro: formation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):267-76.
26 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
27 Drug related genetic polymorphisms affecting adverse reactions to methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin in patients with urothelial cancer. J Urol. 2008 Dec;180(6):2389-95.
28 Human prostate CYP3A5: identification of a unique 5'-untranslated sequence and characterization of purified recombinant protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jul 14;260(3):676-81.
29 Polymorphisms in cytochrome P4503A5 (CYP3A5) may be associated with race and tumor characteristics, but not metabolism and side effects of tamoxifen in breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett. 2005 Jan 10;217(1):61-72.
30 Induction of hepatic CYP2E1 by a subtoxic dose of acetaminophen in rats: increase in dichloromethane metabolism and carboxyhemoglobin elevation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Oct;35(10):1754-8.
31 Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Jan;36(1):54-8.
32 Clinical pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(9):879-94.
33 Kinetics and regulation of cytochrome P450-mediated etoposide metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Sep;32(9):993-1000.
34 Differential mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 by verapamil. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 May;33(5):664-71.
35 The role of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoform(s) in oxidative metabolism of testosterone and benzphetamine in human adult and fetal liver. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Jan;44(1):61-7.
36 Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
37 Prediction of cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by verapamil enantiomers and their metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Feb;32(2):259-66.
38 The role of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in the formation of 2-hydroxymetronidazole: CYP2A6 is the high affinity (low Km) catalyst. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Sep;41(9):1686-94.
39 Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
40 MDR1 (ABCB1) G1199A (Ser400Asn) polymorphism alters transepithelial permeability and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;64(1):183-8.
41 Folate transporter expression decreases in the human placenta throughout pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2012 Apr;2(2):123-31.
42 Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8.
43 Antiestrogens and steroid hormones: substrates of the human P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):287-92.
44 Association of genetic polymorphisms in the influx transporter SLCO1B3 and the efflux transporter ABCB1 with imatinib pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Ther Drug Monit. 2011 Apr;33(2):244-50.
45 Buprenorphine is a weak partial agonist that inhibits opioid receptor desensitization. J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 3;29(22):7341-8.
46 Antianalgesia: stereoselective action of dextro-morphine over levo-morphine on glia in the mouse spinal cord.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2005 Sep;314(3):1101-8.
47 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of signaturerx.
48 2008 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009 Feb;8(2):93-6.
49 Concentration-effect relationship of intravenous alfentanil and ketamine on peripheral neurosensory thresholds, allodynia and hyperalgesia of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2001 Mar;91(1-2):177-87.
50 2014 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015 Feb;14(2):77-81.
51 Molecular characterization of eluxadoline as a potential ligand targeting mu-delta opioid receptor heteromers.Biochem Pharmacol.2014 Dec 1;92(3):448-56.
52 Drug design and synthesis of a novel kappa opioid receptor agonist with an oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeleton and its pharmacology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jan 1;20(1):121-4.
53 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 319).
54 Browne B, Linter S "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and narcotic analgesics: a critical review of the implications for treatment." Br J Psychiatry 151 (1987): 210-2. [PMID: 2891392]
55 Altice FL, Friedland GH, Cooney EL "Nevirapine induced opiate withdrawal among injection drug users with HIV infection receiving methadone." AIDS 13 (1999): 957-62. [PMID: 10371177]
56 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
57 US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
58 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
59 Labroo RB, Paine MF, Thummel KE, Kharasch ED "Fentanyl metabolism by human hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4: implicaitons for interindividual variability in disposition, efficacy, and drug interactions." Drug Metab Dispos 25 (1997): 1072-80. [PMID: 9311623]
60 Liu S-J, Wang RI "Case report of barbiturate-induced enhancement of methadone metabolism and withdrawal syndrome." Am J Psychiatry 141 (1984): 1287-8. [PMID: 6486271]
61 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
62 Achamallah NS "Visual hallucinations after combining fluoxetine and dextromethorphan ." Am J Psychiatry 149 (1992): 1406. [PMID: 1530079]
63 Product Information. Balversa (erdafitinib). Janssen Products, LP, Horsham, PA.
64 US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious risks and death when combining opioid pain or cough medicines with benzodiazepines requires its strongest warning.".
65 Product Information. Alfenta (alfentanil). Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
66 Gill SS, Wright EM, Reilly CS "Pharmacokinetic interaction of propofol and fentanyl: single bolus injection study." Br J Anaesth 65 (1990): 760-5. [PMID: 2265045]
67 He K, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF "Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P-450-3A4 by mifepristone (RU486)." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288 (1999): 791-7. [PMID: 9918590]
68 Product Information. Mycobutin (rifabutin). Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
69 Sturner WQ, Garriott JC "Deaths involving propoxyphene: a study of 41 cases over a two-year period." JAMA 223 (1973): 1125-30. [PMID: 4739371]
70 Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. "Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed." New York, NY: Pergamon Press Inc. (1990):.
71 Product Information. Apadaz (acetaminophen-benzhydrocodone). KemPharm, Inc, Coralville, IA.
72 Ciraulo DA, Shader RI "Fluoxetine drug-drug interactions: I. Antidepressants and antipsychotics." J Clin Psychopharmacol 10 (1990): 48-50. [PMID: 1968472]
73 Eckhardt K, Ammon S, Hofmann U, Riebe A, Gugeler N, Mikus G "Gabapentin enhances the analgesic effect of morphine in healthy volunteers." Anesth Analg 91 (2000): 185-91. [PMID: 10866910]
74 Product Information. ORAVIG (miconazole). Strativa Pharmaceuticals, a Division of Par Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ.
75 Product Information. Suprep Bowel Prep Kit (magnesium/potassium/sodium sulfates). Braintree Laboratories, Braintree, MA.
76 Product Information. Blincyto (blinatumomab). Amgen USA, Thousand Oaks, CA.
77 Product Information. Braftovi (encorafenib). Array BioPharma Inc., Boulder, CO.
78 Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
79 Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
80 Bodner RA, Lynch T, Lewis L, Kahn D "Serotonin syndrome." Neurology 45 (1995): 219-23. [PMID: 7854515]
81 Agencia Espaola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios Healthcare "Centro de informacion online de medicamentos de la AEMPS - CIMA.".
82 Product Information. Reglan (metoclopramide). Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
83 Product Information. Wellbutrin XL (buPROPion). GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA.
84 Chan BSH, Graudins A, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, Braitberg G, Duggin GG "Serotonin syndrome resulting from drug interactions." Med J Aust 169 (1998): 523-5. [PMID: 9861909]
85 Product Information. Belviq (lorcaserin). Eisai Inc, Teaneck, NJ.
86 Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
87 Product Information. Buprenex (buprenorphine). Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceutical, Richmond, VA.
88 Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
89 Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
90 Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.
91 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Canadian Product Information.".
92 Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
93 Gallagher JD, Lieberman RW, Meranze J, Spielman SR, Ellison N "Amiodarone-induced complications during coronary artery surgery." Anesthesiology 55 (1981): 186-8. [PMID: 6973297]